Brightness Measured by a Telescope
The brightest, like the ISS, Tiangong, and Hubble, have well-known brightness. Many others come from the Mini-MegaTORTORA telescope, which has measured about 11,000 objects; the app uses those measurements with its authors’ permission. Many of the rest are estimated from their size and mass, and the app tells you when a brightness is an estimate, or when it doesn’t know it.
Karpov et al. (2016), RMxAC 48, 112 · Beskin et al. (2017), Astrophys. Bull. 72, 81 · Sizes: GCAT, J. McDowell